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    <front>
        <journal-meta>
            <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher"/>
            <journal-title-group>
                <journal-title>Architectural Histories</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
            <issn>2050-5833</issn>
            <publisher>
                <publisher-name>Ubiquity Press</publisher-name>
            </publisher>
        </journal-meta>
        <article-meta>
            <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5334/ah.bf</article-id>
            <article-categories>
                <subj-group>
                    <subject>Review</subject>
                </subj-group>
            </article-categories>
            <title-group>
                <article-title>&#8216;Is there such thing as evil objects?&#8217;: A Review of
                        <italic>Lucius Burckhardt Writings</italic></article-title>
                <subtitle><italic>Lucius Burckhardt Writings: Rethinking Man-Made Environments.
                        Politics, Landscape &amp; Design,</italic> Jesko Fezer and Martin Schmitz
                    (eds.), Vienna: Springer, 288 pages, 2012, ISBN: 9783709112564</subtitle>
            </title-group>
            <contrib-group>
                <contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <name>
                        <surname>F&#246;rster</surname>
                        <given-names>Kim</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <email>kim.foerster@gta.arch.ethz.ch</email>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
                </contrib>
            </contrib-group>
            <aff id="aff-1">Institute gta, D-ARCH, ETH Zurich, Switzerland</aff>
            <pub-date publication-format="electronic" iso-8601-date="2014-04-11">
                <day>11</day>
                <month>04</month>
                <year>2014</year>
            </pub-date>
            <volume>2</volume>
            <issue>1</issue>
            <elocation-id>4</elocation-id>
            <permissions>
                <copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x00A9; 2014 The Author(s)</copyright-statement>
                <copyright-year>2014</copyright-year>
                <license license-type="open-access"
                    xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/">
                    <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the
                        Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (CC-BY 3.0), which permits
                        unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                        original author and source are credited. See <uri
                            xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/"
                            >http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/</uri>.</license-p>
                </license>
            </permissions>
            <self-uri xlink:href="http://journal.eahn.org/article/view/ah.bf/"/>
            <abstract>
                <p>Since the death of Lucius Burckhardt in 2003, his work has been discovered as an
                    alternative position in architecture and planning in the German-speaking world.
                    This volume for the first time compiles 24 &#8216;best of&#8217; texts on such
                    topics as politics, landscape, and design, written between 1957 and 1999, in an
                    English translation, including a valuable introduction by the editors.</p>
            </abstract>
        </article-meta>
    </front>
    <body>
        <p>&#8216;Who plans the planning?&#8217;, &#8216;Why is landscape beautiful?&#8217;, and
            &#8216;Design is invisible&#8217; &#8212; these are just three of the partly naively
            questioned, partly paradoxically argued theorems that were coined by the Swiss
            sociologist and economist Lucius Burckhardt (1925&#8211;2003), a renowned architecture
            and planning critic in the German-speaking world. Since the 1950s, Burckhardt had worked
            as book author, as editor of the Swiss architectural magazine <italic>Werk</italic>, as
            university professor at the Ulm School of Design, the ETH Zurich (inventing the format
            of the &#8216;Lehrcanap&#233;&#8217;, a team-taught, project-oriented seminar) and the
            University of Kassel (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Blumenthal, 2010</xref>), as
            chairman of the Deutscher Werkbund, or as dean of the Bauhaus University in Weimar, when
            it was newly founded after the fall of the Berlin Wall, to name just a few stations of
            his career. Regularly expressing himself in print, Burckhardt presented himself as a
            veritable polymath, writing on such topics as politics, landscape, and design, thus
            sharing his knowledge, and continually engaging in current debates.</p>
        <p>Martin Schmitz, a former student of Burckhardt&#8217;s in Kassel, had initially set
            himself the task of re-publishing three comprehensive thematic compilations of
            Burckhardt&#8217;s essays on planning policy, landscape theory, and design education.
            The texts were released through his own small-scale Berlin-based publishing house, and
            edited in collaboration with experts on the topics. Now Schmitz has edited another
            volume of texts, titled <italic>Lucius Burckhardt Writings: Rethinking Man-Made
                Environments</italic>, co-edited with Jesko Fezer, and published by Springer. For
            the first time a selection of texts by Burckhardt is made available to an international
            audience, in an English translation by Jill Denton.</p>
        <graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="/article/id/7463/file/108721/"/>
        <p>From the three previous publications, Fezer and Schmitz have compiled 24 &#8216;best
            of&#8217; texts, written in the period 1957 to 1999, that include different formats,
            from newspaper articles to essays and even a sermon, addressed at various audiences,
            professionals and laypersons alike (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Burckhardt,
                2004</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr"
                rid="B4">2012</xref>). The compilation includes the key texts on the aforementioned
            aphorisms. Furthermore, several texts on &#8216;strollology&#8217; are included, a
            discipline of its own, which Burckhardt founded in the early 1990s, based on the
            postulate of a deceleration of perception (and a criticism of automobility, also with
            regard to the urban fabric), and in which he integrated all of his former approaches.
            The limited but concise introduction to the publication provides a summary of
            Burckhardt&#8217;s intellectual biography. The editors contextualize the texts in
            chronological order, in the author&#8217;s biographical, though professional and
            institutional, history.</p>
        <p>The carefully edited publication is a good introduction to Burckhardt&#8217;s diverse
            fields of interests as well as to the crucial debates in the disciplines of architecture
            and planning in the post-war era. It is remarkable how Burckhardt, owing to his broad
            interests and critical mind, was continuously involved in contemporary debates,
            beginning with the book projects <italic>Wir bauen selber unsere Stadt</italic> and
                <italic>achtung: die Schweiz</italic>, which he co-edited, together with Max Frisch
            and Markus Kutter (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Burckhardt and Kutter, 1953</xref>;
                <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Burckhardt, Frisch, and Kutter, 1955</xref>). He
            commented on urban planning and infrastructure of the 1950s and &#8217;60s, on the
            alternative and critical debates of the 1970s, on architectural education and academic
            policy in different locations, etc. In doing so he re-imagined a truly democratic
            process of planning. Texts such as &#8216;Design is Invisible&#8217; (1980) demonstrate
            that Burckhardt, referring to Ivan Illich&#8217;s critique of technology and growth,
                <italic>Tools for Conviviality</italic>, was committed more to the convivial
            qualities than the destructive powers of objects, as he took architects in their social
            responsibility seriously (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Illich, 1973</xref>).</p>
        <p>Burckhardt was a real translator. As a committed and politically active individual he
            frequently referred to theoretical and philosophical positions from the Anglo-American
            context (see index of names), translated them into a different cultural context, and in
            so doing applied them to urgent problems from a European perspective. Focusing on the
            socio-economic dimensions of the profession, he started from a procedural rather than a
            formal notion of architecture, foregrounding the participatory and interactive aspects
            of planning and building, and also paying attention to their conditions and effects.
            This new publication now allows a re-reading of Burckhardt, because it illustrates the
            extent to which he referred to English-language debates.</p>
        <p>Despite the limited space of the book, and given Burckhardt&#8217;s enormous output, some
            topics could have been examined more clearly in the selection, for instance his urban
            criticism. In particular his contribution with regard to a genealogy of the debates on
            sustainability, such as in the essay &#8216;Landscape and Social Structure&#8217;
            (1977), would have illuminated Burckhardt&#8217;s work. The essay was written at a time
            when the author, working with concepts such as &#8216;nature&#8217;,
            &#8216;environment&#8217;, and &#8216;landscape&#8217;, increasingly turned to
            environmental issues, before he became, in the mid 1980s, an early critic of
            &#8216;ecology&#8217; as a fashionable phenomenon. A previously unreleased version of
            &#8216;The Minimum Intervention&#8217;, in which Burckhardt developed criteria for a
            cautious, responsible, and sustainable architectural practice, which still have their
            validity, has also not been considered (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Burckhardt,
                2013</xref>).</p>
        <p>Burckhardt&#8217;s texts are a pleasure to read, also in their English translation. But
            beyond that, they are meaningful and highly relevant today in several respects. For
            historians, his work helps provide a better understanding of many of the architectural
            and planning debates in Europe, especially in Germany and Switzerland, as well as the
            higher education reform of the 1970s, the emerging institutional critique, or the
            contemporary art of gardening and landscape art. For theorists, Burckhardt&#8217;s work
            contributes to a historical awareness of the current debates on participation, pedagogy,
            and sustainability, but also of contemporary interdisciplinary, socially and culturally
            oriented approaches in architecture studies, such as on topics like &#8216;dirt&#8217;
            and &#8216;wasteland&#8217;. And for practitioners, <italic>Lucius Burckhardt
                Writings</italic> provides important foundational texts for all those who are
            passionate about alternative approaches in planning and architecture.</p>
        <p>For those who would like to learn more about current research on Burckhardt, a Lucius
            Burckhardt Convention will be held at the School of Art and Design in Kassel in May
            2014: <ext-link ext-link-type="url" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
                xlink:href="http://www.lucius-burckhardt.org/Convention.html"
                >http://www.lucius-burckhardt.org/Convention.html</ext-link></p>
    </body>
    <back>
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</article>
