There exist two Mediterraneans: On the one hand, we have millennia-long histories of making architecture(s) in the Mediterranean understood as a geographical space. Regardless of how fluid and dynamically changing the region has been, it is still a relatively definite space. On the other hand, there is the idea of architecture in and of the Mediterranean, defined by diverse scholars as a space of interactions, exchanges, and conflicts. This special collection invites proposals that tackle the profound challenge of merging these two different Mediterraneans: The actual geographical space on the one hand, and its scholarly re-imagination, on the other. How does the Mediterranean as a buzzword, identity, lifestyle, geography or built environment relate to architectural practice? What are the major issues and problems that bind architectural and urban historians, students and practitioners across and/or of the region today? How could we resituate the Mediterranean as a political space, and decolonize its intellectual landscapes in method, pedagogy, and practice? The papers featured in this special collection present new findings, are grounded in strong theoretical positions, and deploy new methodological approaches to the critical analysis of the Mediterranean both as a “real” and “imagined” sea of global interconnectedness.